Understanding and Managing Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemia)

Low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia, is characterised by an abnormally low blood glucose level, typically less than 70 mg/dL. This condition is particularly common among people with diabetes who take insulin or certain other medications. 

Still, it can also occur in individuals without diabetes due to various reasons, including excessive alcohol consumption, certain medical conditions, or prolonged fasting. 

What is Hypoglycemia?

This condition is most commonly associated with diabetes, especially in individuals who take insulin or certain oral medications that increase insulin production. However, non-diabetics can also experience hypoglycemia. 

This is typically due to reasons such as excessive alcohol consumption, certain medications, prolonged periods without eating, or more rare causes like hormone deficiencies or pancreatic tumours.

Definition and Overview

Hypoglycemia refers to a medical condition where blood sugar (glucose) levels drop below average. It’s generally considered hypoglycemic when blood glucose levels fall below 70 mg/dL. 

Glucose is the primary energy source for the body’s cells, and a consistent supply is crucial for normal function.

Causes of Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, can be caused by various factors, primarily involving the balance (or imbalance) between insulin, food intake, and energy expenditure. Here are some common causes:

1. Excessive Insulin or Diabetes Medication: For people with diabetes, taking too much insulin or other diabetes medications can cause blood sugar levels to drop too low, mainly if meals are skipped or delayed.
2. Inadequate Food Intake: Skipping meals, eating less than usual, or eating delayed meals can significantly cause hypoglycemia if insulin or other medications are not adjusted accordingly.
3. Increased Physical Activity: Doing more physical activity than usual without eating enough or adjusting diabetes medication can rapidly deplete glucose levels.
4. Alcohol Consumption: Drinking alcohol, especially on an empty stomach, can interfere with the liver’s ability to release glucose into the bloodstream, leading to decreased blood sugar levels.
5. Hormonal Deficiencies: Some essential hormones, such as cortisol or growth hormone, help regulate blood sugar levels. Deficiencies in these hormones can lead to hypoglycemia, particularly in children.

Symptoms of Low Blood Sugar

The symptoms of low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can vary from person to person and may differ in severity. Recognizing these symptoms is crucial for prompt and effective treatment, especially for individuals at risk, such as those with diabetes. 

Common Symptoms

• Physical Symptoms:

1. Shakiness or trembling, often noticeable in the hands.
2. Sweating can occur even in excellent conditions.
3. Palpitations or a feeling of a rapid, fluttering heartbeat.

• Cognitive and Emotional Symptoms:

1. Confusion or difficulty in thinking clearly and swiftly.
2. Irritability or mood changes that seem out of character.
3. Nervousness or anxiety without an apparent cause.
4. Difficulty speaking, such as slurring words or speaking more slowly than usual.

Severe Symptoms and Complications

1. Seizures or convulsions.
2. Unconsciousness or passing out.
3. Coma in extreme cases.

Diagnosing Hypoglycemia

Diagnosing hypoglycemia involves assessing both the symptoms and the blood sugar levels. This process can help determine if the symptoms are due to low blood sugar and guide the appropriate management and treatment. Here’s how hypoglycemia is typically diagnosed:

Blood Sugar Testing

The most direct method for diagnosing hypoglycemia is through measuring blood glucose levels. This can be done via a simple blood test using a glucose metre. A reading below 70 mg/dL typically confirms hypoglycemia.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)

For people with diabetes or those experiencing frequent unexplained symptoms, continuous glucose monitoring can help track glucose levels over time and identify patterns of hypoglycemia.

Treating and Managing Low Blood Sugar

Treating and managing low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia involves immediate actions to raise the blood sugar to normal levels and long-term strategies to prevent future episodes. Here’s a comprehensive approach:

Immediate Treatments

Consume Quick-Acting Carbohydrates:

• 15-20 grams of glucose or simple carbohydrates is recommended. This could be in the form of glucose tablets, gel, or candy. Alternatively, fruit juice or regular soda (not diet) can also be effective.
• Recheck blood sugar after 15 minutes. If it remains low, consume another 15 grams of carbohydrates.

Follow-up with Slower-Digesting Carbs:

Once blood sugar returns to normal, it’s advisable to have a more substantial snack or meal that includes protein and complex carbohydrates. This helps stabilise blood sugar levels and prevent another drop.

Long-term Management Strategies

Meal Planning:

Regularly spaced meals and snacks can help maintain stable blood sugar levels. To slow glucose absorption, include a mix of carbohydrates, protein, and fats in meals.

Monitor Blood Sugar Levels:

• Regular monitoring, especially if you are on medications that increase the risk of hypoglycemia, can help you maintain safe blood sugar levels. 
• Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices are beneficial for getting real-time feedback and trends.

Exercise Wisely:

Exercise can cause blood sugar levels to drop. Eating a carbohydrate-rich snack or adjusting medication doses before exercise can prevent hypoglycemia.

Low Blood Sugar Levels Chart

A chart of blood sugar levels can help understand what constitutes low, average, and high glucose readings, especially for managing diabetes and preventing hypoglycemia. Here is a basic outline of blood sugar levels that reflects typical targets for most individuals. 

However, it’s important to note that personal targets may vary based on individual health conditions and should be determined by a healthcare provider.

Understanding Blood Sugar Readings

Fasting Blood Sugar (Measured after an overnight fast):

• Average: 70-99 mg/dL
• Pre-diabetes: 100-125 mg/dL
• Diabetes: 126 mg/dL or higher

2 Hours After Eating (Postprandial):

• Normal: Less than 140 mg/dL
• Pre-diabetes: 140-199 mg/dL
• Diabetes: 200 mg/dL or higher

When to See a Doctor?

• Knowing when to see a doctor for hypoglycemia is essential for effectively managing your health, especially if you are at risk due to diabetes or other conditions that affect blood sugar levels.
• Seeing a doctor regularly and when any of the above conditions apply is crucial to maintaining safe blood sugar levels and overall health.

Why Cadabam’s Diagnostics?

Cadabam’s Diagnostics is recognized as a premier diagnostic centre in Bangalore, specialising in a range of diagnostic services for various medical conditions. Located in Banashankari, we offer comprehensive laboratory tests, radiology, and imaging services. Our state-of-the-art technology and skilled team ensure precise and dependable results. 

Cadabam’s Diagnostics is committed to providing extensive diagnostic solutions to support early detection and effective management of health issues, focusing on the quality and accuracy essential for patient well-being.

Additionally, with an emphasis on physiotherapy and related treatment options, Cadabam’s Diagnostics stands out among diagnostic centres in Bangalore and nearby regions. Our facility has advanced machinery, enabling us to deliver superior diagnostic services for all health conditions. We assist in identifying your health concerns facilitating further management and care. Contact us at info@cadabamsdiagnostics.com.