X-RAY MAMMOGRAPHY

An x-ray mammograph is a medical imaging test that employs low-energy X-Rays to generate images of the internal structures of the breast tissue. It is used to detect a wide array of diseases and primarily cancer at the earliest possible stage. In order to prepare for the exam, it is best not to schedule it during the menstrual phase and to skip wearing perfume, deodorant or powder for the examination day. 

What is X-Ray Mammography? 

Mammography which is also a method of breast cancer screening, uses low-dose X-Ray techniques to image the breast with very high detail. To this end, the xrays emitting unit of a mammograph is designed to compress the breast and hold it in position during the X ray emission. This compression helps to ease the thickness of the breast to improve imaging and radiation duration. The examination captures several images of the patient's breast from multiple positions for a more holistic representation of the structure. 

Types of X-Ray Mammography 

1. 2D Mammography: This is the oldest form of mammography that captures 2D images of breast tissue, producing pictures on two-dimensional films. 
2. 3D Mammography (Tomosynthesis): This newer technology assists in accurate diagnosis by capturing 3D images which have lower false positive rates.  
3. Digital Mammography: This method utilizes digital receptors to capture images, thus speeding up the process while providing detail. 

List of Parameters Considered During X-Ray Mammography

During the exam, the following parameters are evaluated:  

• Density of the tissues  

• Presence of masses or pus-filled lesions  

• Presence of calcifications  

• Deformity of shape or size  

• Cancers of the breasts and surrounding tissues 

Reasons for Taking an X-Ray Mammography

This exam is widely ordered for:  

• Screening women for breast cancers.  

• Evaluating symptomatic breast (e.g. breast lumps, pain in the breast)  

• Routine follow up visits after breast surgery or biopsy.  

• Screening for women at risk for developing breast cancers (e.g. carriage of BRCA gene).  

When and Who Needs to Take an X-Ray Mammography? 

Women aged 40 and older are recommended to have an annual mammography screening. Those who are at increased risk for breast cancer, such as having a family history or a BRCA gene mutation, may need to start screening earlier. Furthermore, women who have the following symptoms also need to see a doctor and schedule a mammogram:  

• Nipple discharge or skin irritation around the nipple region. 

• Recurring breast pain or tenderness. 

• Changes to the breast which are not typical, or new sensations in the breast. 

• New lumps or changes regarding the breasts size and shape. 

Benefits of Taking the Test

Mammography is the most effective method of screening for breast cancers because it signals the presence of disease long before it manifests and thus, early therapeutic interventions can be instituted. Advanced age should not deter women from undergoing screening because studies have shown earlier detection lowers the chances of death from breast cancer.

Illnesses Diagnosed with X-Ray Mammography

This examination may detect:  

• Malignant tumours of the breast (breast cancer)  
• Primary and secondary benign tumours such as cysts and fibroadenomas  
• Inflammatory diseases of the breast (among others mastitis)  
• Pathological calcifications or calcific deposits 

Preparing for X-Ray Mammography

In advance of the test:  

• Dress in a comfortable lightweight garment.  
• Take off any jewellery and other items that could hinder the test.  
• Inform the physician or technician of any breast surgeries, biopsies, or surgical implants done on the breasts.  
• On the day of the test, avoid all scented products, including perfume, deodorant, and powder. 

Pre-requisites  

There are no special requirements or guidelines in advance of the examination.  

Best Time to Take the X-Ray Mammography 

Although there are no restrictions on when the test can be conducted, it is preferable to schedule it at a time when the breasts are the least tender.  

Eligibility  

All women including those below 40 require a doctor's referral to perform a mammography.  

Procedure for Taking an X-Ray Mammography 

1. Go to the testing centre where you need to get changed into a gown.  
2. Talk over any breast symptoms or relevant issues with the technician.  
3. Breast tissue will be held and compressed by the technician into the required position.  
4. X-ray photographs will be taken from various positions around the breast.  
5. This examination takes approximately 15 to 30 minutes. 

Caution Before Taking the Test 

Notify your physician or technologist if you have any of the following: 

• A history of breast surgery or breast biopsy. 

• Implantation of breast prosthesis or any other devices. 

• Current pregnancy or suspected pregnancy. 

• Any symptoms related to the breast or concerns regarding the breast.