IONISED CALCIUM

The Ionised Calcium Test is an important blood test conducted at Cadabams Diagnostics which gives very useful information regarding the calcium levels within your body. It does not simply refer to calcium levels like total calcium tests; rather, it assesses the form of calcium that is active in the human body and is critical to many bodily functions. Having some base knowledge regarding this test will empower you alongside your physician to make much better choices about your health, especially if you are experiencing symptoms of calcium dysregulation or have relevant comorbidities.

Calcium is a significant and primary mineral in the body and acts towards so many vital operations. These incorporate: 

• Nerve transmission: Calcium ions actively participate in the relay of information through nerve cells. 
• Muscle contraction: Smooth muscle contraction, skeletal muscle contraction, and contraction of the heart muscle are additional activities that fall under this category. 
• Blood clotting: Calcium assists in blood coagulation cascade, which aids in the formation of clots to stop blood loss. 
• Enzyme function: Calcium facilitates the optimal operation of several enzymes. 
• Bone health: Calcium is stored in bones mostly; however, blood calcium concentration is carefully controlled for other acute functions. 

A clear distinction must be made between a patient's ionized calcium and total calcium. Total calcium considers all calcium in a patient's blood which includes calcium bound to proteins such as albumin or calcium complexed with other ions. Instead, in the Ionised Calcium Test, only free, unbound calcium is measured. This unbound calcium is the form that calcium's actions are physiologically active. 

Measurement of ionised calcium takes a more central role in specific clinical cases. If a patient is suffering from low albumin levels, their total calcium levels would seem deceptively low, meanwhile their ionized calcium would be normal, which is the active calcium. Likewise, imbalances in the acidity and basicity (pH) of the body can significantly change the amount of ionised calcium without altering total calcium. Therefore, in the setting of severe illness, kidney failure, or following major surgeries, the Ionised Calcium Test is far more useful than estimating total calcium because it reflects the calcium status of the patient more accurately than total calcium. This difference when assessing health is the core of ionized calcium vs. total calcium differences that require clarity in the diagnosis and management of calcium related disorders. 

The Ionised Calcium Test pertains to a specific measurement of the ionised calcium (also referred to as Ca++ or free calcium) level in your blood. Ionized calcium refers to the portion of calcium that is not bound to proteins (mostly albumin) or other entities like phosphate or citrate. It represents approximately 45-50% of the total calcium in your blood. 

As discussed earlier, ionised calcium is the form of calcium that is biologically active and hence, the only form available for critical physiological processes, including muscle contraction of the heart, nerve impulses, hormone release, and blood coagulation, biome molecules to use, which are readily available. 

Most notable factors to exercising control over ionised calcium levels are pH of blood and blood itself. 

• Acidosis (lowered pH state of blood–more acidic) tends to enhance levels of ionised calcium because increased calcium is released from albumin. 
• Alkalosis (increased pH–more basic) tends to lower levels of ionised calcium as increased calcium binds with albumin. 

The careful handling of the sample explains why the test is sensitive to ph. 

The doctors at Cadabams Diagnostics may suggest carrying out an Ionised Calcium Test for several reasons, such as: 

• Unusual Total Calcium Results: If your total calcium levels are too high or too low, or if results do not seem to correlate with your clinical signs, an Ionised Calcium Test can provide insight. 
• Symptoms of High Calcium (Hypercalcemia): These can be vague but may include (SK4): 
• Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite 
• Fatigue, weakness, and lethargy 
• Mental cloudy thinking or confusion 
• Increased thirst and urinating frequently 
• Bone pain or kidney stone 
• Fitting Symptoms of Low Calcium (Hypocalcaemia): These symptoms often are related with nerve and muscle excitability and may comprise of (SK3): 
• Muscle cramps, spasms, and twitching (more formally known as ‘Tetany’) 
• Numbness or tingling of fingers, toes, or around the mouth 
• Fatigue  
• Irregular heart rate (arrhythmia) 
• Severe Cases: Seizures 
• Monitoring Certain Medical Conditions: 
• Chronic Kidney Disease: The kidneys play a critical role in calcium metabolism. 
• Parathyroid Disorders: The parathyroid glands are responsible of calcaemic. Hyperparathyroidism (overactive) or hypoparathyroidism (underactive) will directly intervene calcium levels. 
• Postoperative Monitoring: Notable deviations in calcium homeostasis are expected after surgery to the neck, midline, thoracic cavity, parasternal regions, or both due to parathyroid and throat surgery and cardiac operations. 
• Patient with Sepsis and Multisystem Organ Failure: These patients require close monitoring of ionized calcium levels which includes those in intensive care unit (ICU) with sepsis, severe burns, or pancreatitis, and those receiving large volume blood transfusions or documentation of intravenous (IV) nutrition due to the complexity of their physiology. 
• Altered Protein Concentrations: Having an abnormal level of protein entails having too much or too little leading to an uncommonly misleading reading of total calcium, known as hypocalcaemia. In this context, the Ionized Calcium Test becomes advantageous. 

Apart from any blood work restrictions, the Ionized Calcium Test must be noted with considerable minor threats. 

Risks: 

Potential harm with Ionized Calcium Test includes but not limited to: 

• Slight pain or bruising: Marking of the skin may occur with light markings to the surface which may cause twinges when pierced through needle and bruises may circumscribe the inserting location. 
• Halting or feeling lightheaded: In rare instances, several individuals may feel feint during or post blood sampling procedures. 
• Hematoma: This happens when blood gains access under the dermis where blood was drawn and creates a protuberance. 
• Infection: The chance of gaining infection through the surface of the skin where the incision was made is extremely low, provided sterile technique was followed. 

Devoid Clause 

Hypocalcaemia: Ionized calcium test has its own restrictions that were noted by the medical personnel of Cadabams Diagnostics. 

• Sample Collection and Handling: This is a very important area. The ionised calcium test procedure involves sample collection, which must be done under specific conditions and analysed immediately. After the porous blood sample is taken, it must be kept in a certain tube to prevent air, as the sample’s blood pH will change, which affects results. The chosen collection container is vital and is often test tube with citrated or fluoride antisogenic solution. 
• Availability: This test has presumed the granulated equipment and operator disappearance in each of its laboratories, which is not the case for the total calcium test, as the test demands specific devices alongside proper sample treatment. Cadabams Diagnostics however possess the mechanisms need for the accurate execution of this test. 
• Medication Interference: A few drugs may alter the values anticipated regarding the ionized calcium. It is paramount to disclose all drugs used for treatment, including supplements to the physician, since some may interfere with expected results. 
• Clinical Interpretation: Ionised Calcium requires particular attention concerning clinical case due to its multi-factorial nature. Other investigations vital in making a diagnosis such as PTH, vitamin D, phosphate, magnesium, kidney functions tests must be considered to avoid diagnostic myopia. 

The only parameter evaluated in the scope of the Ionised Calcium Test is: 

• Concentration of Ionised Calcium (Ca++) 

Often, this value will be expressed in two common units: 

• Millimoles per litre (mmol/L) 
• Milligrams per decilitre (mg/dL) 

Like all other laboratories, Cadabams Diagnostics will issue with reference intervals usually dubbed as “normal ranges” which are often proprietary to that laboratory. Due to Equipment and technique variations, these ranges tend to differ marginally between labs. It is essential that patients utilize the reference range from the laboratory that conducted the tests who most frequently use these equipment and techniques. Knowing what the normal ionised calcium range in adults (SK2) is extremely helpful when interpreting the results. 

Although not a standardized test for the general population, the Ionised Calcium Test is more than useful for certain demographics. You or your medical practitioner might give thought to this test if you fall under one of the following categories: 

• Individuals with Symptoms of Calcium Imbalance: 
• If you display symptoms of hypocalcaemia (SK3) such as muscle cramps, paraesthesia, spasms, or arrhythmias. 
• If you have symptoms of hypercalcaemia (SK4) such as ongoing exhaustion, nausea, intense thirst, frequent urination, confusion, or pain in bones. 
• Patients with Confirmed or Suspected Parathyroid Gland Disorders: The Parathyroid glands are the main controllers of the calcium in the body. The Ionised Calcium Test is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid) or hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid) 
• Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease or Renal Failure: These organs are essential for the activation of Vitamin D and the excretion of phosphate and thus take part in calcium metabolism. For these reasons, the monitoring of Ionized Calcium is important in these patients. 
• Patients with Critical Illness: Patients who are in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), those who have undergone major surgical operations like cardiac or parathyroid surgery, or patients who undergo massive blood transfusion or total parenteral nutrition (TPN) have an unstable physiological state and require monitoring of ionised calcium. 
• Patients with Marked Deviations from Norm in Serum Protein Values: For abnormally low or high levels of serum proteins, specifically albumin, measuring total calcium may not be effective. As in these situations, the most reliable measurement of active calcium is the Ionised Calcium Test. 
• Patients with Potential Disorders Associated with Vitamin D: The absorption of calcium requires the presence of vitamin D. Therefore, implantable ionized calcium test could be required in case of vitamin D depletion (hypocalcaemia) or in an excess of vitamin D (hypercalcemia). 
• Patients Taking Therapy that Changes Calcium Metabolism or pH: Some medications such as diuretics, other “water” pills, anticonvulsants, or bone resorption inhibitors called bisphosphonates change ionized calcium concentration by changing calcium or pH level in the blood. 

Ionized Calcium tests undertaken at Cadabams Diagnostics, on specific occasions, has significant advantages for healthcare management: 

• Enhanced Quantification of Active Calcium: It allows direct quantification of the physiologically relevant form of calcium which is important for discerning critical decisions in the clinical setting when total measurement of calcium could contain misleading values secondary to abnormal protein constituents, as well as pH level in the milieu or some other variables. 
• Accurate Diagnosis: Assists in accurate determination of the causes of hypercalcemia (elevated levels of calcium) (SK4) and hypocalcemia (deficiency of calcium in the blood) (SK3). These high precision accuracy results are greatly necessary towards treatment targets.
• Significance in Strategic Planning for Treatment: Measurements of accurate ionised calcium levels are critical in directing appropriate strategies for dealing with a number of disorders of calcium metabolism, for example, this helps define the extent of calcium required, Vitamin D needed or interventional surgery to the parathyroid glands. 
• Assessment of Treatment Efficacy: For patients with calcium imbalance disorders undergoing treatment such as hyperparathyroidism or hypoparathyroidism, sequential Ionized Calcium Tests are valuable in assessing the effectiveness of the procedures undertaken. 
• Prevention of Misdiagnosis: Patients with low albumin due to chronic liver disease, or those who are critically ill, can have their total calcium level altered due to a multitude of factors. Because of this, a calcific disorder's misdiagnosis would make treatment hazardous – however, using an Ionised Calcium Test would allow the patient to receive proper care. 
• Improved Management in Critical Care: In the case of critically ill patients where electrolyte disorder is prevalent, the ability to rapidly monitor calcium levels can have a dramatic effect on overall patient's outcomes. In essence, monitoring ionised calcium adds an additional layer of reliability and speed to the assessment and treatment processes. 

Knowing the levels of active calcium in the body aids the preservation of health, and through the maintenance of systemic and electrolyte balance aids in the overall health of the individual. 

The number of medical problems linked to unbalanced calcium torsion and electrolyte equilibrium, including those resulting from metabolic disorders, ionized calcium test is invaluable when diagnosing, evaluating, or treating. These problems encompass: 

• Hypoparathyroidism: This syndrome refers to involuntary lack of parathyroid hormone secretion from the parathyroid glands which results in ionized calcium deficiency or low calcium (hypocalcaemia) (SK3). 
• Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Usually due to a benign tumour of one parathyroid gland causing the excess of parathyroid hormone which is often associated with high ionized calcium concentration in blood (hypercalcemia) (SK4). 
• Secondary Hyperparathyroidism: This is a consequence of some other problem (most often chronic kidney disease or severe Vitamin D deficiency) which leads to low calcium levels prompting the parathyroid glands to work harder and secrete more PTH. Initially, Ionised calcium might be low or normal but will tend to rise later. 
• Vitamin D deficiency or excess: 
• Deficiency is associated with having low absorption of calcium and potentially low ionised calcium. 
• Excess (from taking too many supplements) leads to abnormally high ionised calcium levels. 
• Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): Has a profound effect on the metabolism of calcium and phosphates and the activation of Vitamin D. CKD alters the sequence of events in the calcium homeostasis process. The Ionised Calcium Test is an essential part of management of mineral and bone disease in these patients. 
• Various Other Causes of Hypercalcaemia (SK4): In addition to the reasons mentioned under hyperparathyroidism, abnormally high ionised calcium may also be associated with: 
• Malignant hypercalcaemia (with cancer, particularly from bone metastases and/or production of PTH-related peptide). 
• Some drugs (e.g., thiazide diuretics, lithium). 
• Taking too much calcium or vitamin D. 
• Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). 
• Prolonged inactivity. 
• Hypocalcaemia (SK3): Low ionised calcium can also result from several other conditions apart from the hypo parathyroid state: 
• Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). 
• Severe illness (e.g. sepsis or severe burns). 
• Malabsorption syndromes (like celiac disease or Crohn's disease). 
• For performance of PTH, magnesium is required, thus low hypomagnesemia magnesium levels. 
• Some forms of therapy. 
• Following massive blood transfusions (citrate present in blood leads to calcium binding). 
• Acid-Base Disorders: These pathological states of marked blood pH shifts (acidosis or alkalosis) potentially influence the levels of free calcium, irrespective of its total amount. The test aids in clarifying calcium status under such conditions. 

Cadabams Diagnostics measuring ionized calcium precisely greatly aids in understanding the pathophysiological processes involved to guide optimal therapeutic solutions. 

To guarantee the credibility of results obtained, preparation plays a key role as far as the ionised calcium test is concerned. This is what you must cover for the Cadabams Diagnostics procedures and tests under the guidance of the ionised calcium test procedure (SK1): 

Guidelines: 

• Fasting: You are not obliged to fast prior to taking the Ionised Calcium Test. Usually patients are able to consume food or liquids without restrictions. Cross checking with Cadabams Diagnostics or the doctor who referred you to them is prudent, as other tests performed simultaneously or unique situations may necessitate tailored rules. 
• Medications: Make sure to inform your doctor’s office and the Med Tech at Cadabams Diagnostics of every single medication you are currently taking, including both prescription and over the counter medicines, as well as vitamins (with special attention on calcium and vitamin D), and supplements of herbal origin. Some medications that you might be taking could interfere with the test or affect calcium concentration levels. 
• Hydration: You are allowed to maintain a normal level of hydration unless your doctor instructs otherwise. 

Prerequisites: 

• Doctor's Referral A doctor’s referral or a requisition form is generally required to have an Ionised Calcium Test performed at Cadabams Diagnostics. This ensures the test is useful in relation to the clinical scenario. 
• Prior Tests There are no specific prior tests that you are required to do before having an Ionised Calcium Test done. If, however, you do have results from a total calcium, albumin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), or kidney function tests done recently, they could aid your doctor in using the ionized calcium results effectively. 

Eligibility: 

• The Ionised Calcium Test is applicable to most people of all ages, infants, children, adults, and even the elderly as indicated for clinical reasons. 
• Notify the phlebotomist or lab staff if there is a history of fainting during blood draws or if there is a known bleeding disorder. 

Procedure for Taking the Test (SK1): 

The methodology for collecting blood samples for an Ionised Calcium Test (ICa) is quite like that employed in other blood tests, except may include specific procedures of specimen handling. 

1. Preparation of the Site: A health care worker, known as a phlebotomist, will identify a superficial vein to be punctured in your arm, likely in the antecubital fossa or on the dorsal part of your hand. The site will be disinfected using an antiseptic swab. 
2. Applying Tourniquet: An elastic band (tourniquet) will be placed on your upper arm. This greatly facilitates the filling of the veins with blood. It should be noted that prolonged use of a tourniquet may alter the levels of ionised calcium due to changes in local pH; hence the phlebotomist will attempt to minimize time spent with the tourniquet on. 
3. Inserting Needle: The phlebotomist will place a sterile needle into the drawn vein with minimal force. An individual will feel a limited sharp or burning sensation. 
4. Blood Collection: Blood will be drawn into special collection tubes. For an Ionised Calcium Test, this is often a heparinized tube. Sometimes anaerobic techniques are used, in which the blood sample is shielded from air to maintain pH levels since changes in pH can affect ionized calcium levels. A phlebotomist may follow lab protocols and use a chilled syringe for blood draws. 
5. Sample Handling: The blood sample is taken from the patient’s arm while the patient is seated comfortably. Once the required volume is drawn, the needle is removed carefully. 
6. Post-Draw Care: The puncture site will be compressed with a cotton ball or gauze to control bleeding and a bandage applied afterwards. 
7. Laboratory Analysis: The blood sample, after being collected, is sent to Cadabams Diagnostics laboratory for analysis, particularly in cases where anaerobic handling must be ensured for optimal sample stability during transport. 

Caution Before the Test: 

• Allergic Reactions: Make sure to inform the phlebotomist about any allergies you may have to antiseptic, latex gloves, or tourniquets as the used materials may pose some risk. 
• Bleeding Disorders/Blood Thinners: They should notify the staff in advance if they have a known bleeding disorder, such as haemophilia, or is on blood thinning medications like anticoagulants (warfarin, heparin). Special measures may need to be taken. 
• Previous Difficulties: If you could not undergo a blood draw because of fainting or because finding veins was difficult, inform the phlebotomist so that he or she can assist you properly.